To assess the MHC diversity and evaluate selection driven by avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium ssp. and Haemoproetus ssp.) and lineages on the different colonies of Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) and Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) along the Chilean seashore.

1.- Determinate prevalence of avian malaria in Spheniscus humboldti and S. magellanicus colonies along its distribution in Chile. 2.- Identify Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species and lineages in S. humboldti and S. magellanicus along its distribution in Chile. 3.- Assess the avian Malaria lineages found in S. humboldti and S. magellanicus origin and phylogeography along its distribution. 4.- Determinate the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes diversity in populations of S. humboldti and S. magellanicus along its distribution. 5.- Determinate of avian malaria selection over MHC diversity and/or specific allele. 6.- Determinate population genetics structure and phylogeography including the ENSO and glaciations events over the S. humboldti and S. magellanicus populations in Chile and its relationship with avian malaria lineages.